Intervensi Keperawatan pada Pasien Terkonfirmasi COVID-19 dengan Komorbid DM Tipe 2 dan Hipertensi: Studi Kasus
Keywords:
COVID-19; DM; hypertension
Abstract
Comorbidities in COVID-19 patients with the highest percentage are hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Patients with comorbid hypertension and DM have high morbidity and mortality. This study aims to determine the interventions in COVID-19 patients with comorbid DM and hypertension. The method used is a case study with data collection through patient and family interviews, medical record studies and direct observation or through CCTV. The studies showed that the patient was diagnosed with severe COVID-19 by oxygen therapy (NRM 15 L/min), treating COVID-19 and managing comorbid hypertension and DM with medication and monitoring and reducing anxiety. During treatment, the patient was desaturated, blood pressure and blood sugar level had not been controlled, and the anxiety was quite high. It can be said that interventions that can be given to COVID-19 patients with comorbid hypertension and DM are oxygen therapy, medication, anxiety reduction, and comorbid management. Comorbid hypertension and DM were controlled with medication and regular monitoring. the patient's blood pressure and blood sugar level had not been controlled, it is possible that the patient's anxiety is still experienced. So that as health workers in providing care are expected to pay attention to the biopsychosociospiritual aspects so that the patient's problems are resolved.
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References
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Inzucchi SE. Management of diabetes mellitus in hospitalized patients [Internet]. Uptodate.com. 2021. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-diabetes-mellitus-in-hospitalized-patients
Wang W, Lu J, Gu W, Zhang Y, Liu J, Ning G. Care for diabetes with COVID-19: Advice from China. J Diabetes. 2020;12(5):417–9.
Black JM, Hawk JH. Medical Surgical Nursing Clinical Management for Positive Outcome. Vol. 7th E. Philadelphia: Mosbi; 2013.
Wijayanto T, Widya W. Hubungan Kecemasan Dengan Kadar Gula Darah Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus. J Kesehat Panca Bhakti Lampung. 2019;7(2):78.
Kong X, Zheng K, Tang M, Kong F, Zhou J, Diao L, et al. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. 2020;3(1):1–8.
Angriani S, Baharuddin. Hubungan Tingkat Kecemasan Dengan Kadar Gula Darah Pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe Ii Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Batua Kota Makassar. J Ilm Kesehat Diagnosis. 2020;15(2):102–6.
Martina A. The Effects of Joint Administration Between Dexamethason and Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) on Blood Glucose Level and Pancreas Histopathology. 2020;148–62.
Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020;7(7):611–27. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0
Yang L, Wu D, Hou Y, Wang X, Dai N, Wang G, et al. Analysis of psychological state and clinical psychological intervention model of patients with COVID-19. medRxiv. 2020;
Amiman SP, Katuuk M, Malara R. Gambaran Tingkat Kecemasan Pasien Di Instalasi Gawat Darurat. e-journal Keperawatan. 2019;7(2).
Zhu S, Shi K, Yan J, He Z, Wang Y, Yi Q, et al. A modified 6-form Tai Chi for patients with COPD. Complement Ther Med [Internet]. 2018;39:36–42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.05.007
Kent EE, Ornstein KA. The Family Caregiving Crisis Meets an Actual Pandemic. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;60(1 July 2020).
Dorman-Ilan S, Hertz-Palmor N, Brand-Gothelf A, Hasson-Ohayon I, Matalon N, Gross R, et al. Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in COVID-19 Isolated Patients and in Their Relatives. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11(October).
Santoso MDY. Dukungan Sosial Dalam Situasi Pandemi Covid 19. J Litbang Sukowati Media Penelit dan Pengemb. 2020;5(1):11–26.
Musa AS, Pevalin DJ, Al Khalaileh MAA. Spiritual Well-Being, Depression, and Stress Among Hemodialysis Patients in Jordan. J Holist Nurs. 2018;36(4):354–65.
Shalini YSA. Loneliness and Spiritual Well - Being among Elderly Having Psychological Disorders. Int J Sci Res [Internet]. 2014;3(6):2289–90. Available from: https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i6/MDIwMTQ3Mzc=.pdf
Riyadi A, Hadziq A, Murtadho A. Bimbingan Konseling Islam Bagi Pasien Rawat Inap Di Rumah Sakit Roemani Muhammadiyah Semarang. J SMART (Studi Masyarakat, Reli dan Tradisi). 2019;5(1):85–99.
Ahmad Putra, Rahman A, Akmal S, Syahyogi A, Adnan S, Fitri Y. Pelaksanaan Bimbingan Rohani Islam bagi Pasien Covid-19 (Studi di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang). AL-IRSYAD J Bimbing Konseling Islam. 2021;3(1):51–64.
Satuan Tugas Penanganan COVID-19. Peta Sebaran Covid-19 [Internet]. 31 Juli 2021. 2021. Available from: https://covid19.go.id/peta-sebaran
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(11):1061–9.
Guan W, Liang W, Zhao Y, Liang H, Chen Z, Li Y, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Orig Artic Infect Dis. 2020;74(10):640.
Zhou X, Zhu J, Xu T. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with hypertension on renin–angiotensin system inhibitors. Clin Exp Hypertens [Internet]. 2020;00(00):656–60. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10641963.2020.1764018
Shah K, Tiwaskar M, Chawla P, Kale M, Deshmane R. Hypoglycemia at the time of Covid-19 pandemic Kiran. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2020;
Huang I, Lim MA, Pranata R. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia – A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression: Diabetes and COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev [Internet]. 2020;14(4):395–403. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.018
Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Tian C, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(7):1–9.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 13,2 Persen Pasien COVID-19 yang Meninggal Memiliki Penyakit Hipertensi [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/print/20101400002/13-2-persen-pasien-covid-19-yang-meninggal-memiliki-penyakit-hipertensi.html
Willim HA, Ketaren I, Supit AI. Dampak Coronavirus Disease 2019 terhadap Sistem Kardiovaskular. e-CliniC. 2020;8(2):237–45.
Burhan E, Susanto AD, Nasution SA, Ginanjar E, Pitoyo CW, Susilo A, et al. Protokol Tatalaksana Covid-19. April 2020. Jakarta: Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia (PDPI), Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Kardiovaskular Indonesia (PERKI), Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam Indonesia (PAPDI), Perhimpunan Dokter Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif Indonesia (PERDATIN), Ikatan Dokte; 2020.
Piarulli F, Lapolla A. COVID 19 and low-glucose levels: Is there a link? Vol. 166, Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2020.
Wu Y-C, Chen C-S, Chan Y-J. The outbreak of COVID-19. J Chinese Med Assoc. 2020;83(3):217–20.
World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection ( SARI ) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. In Geneva; 2020.
World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected. In Geneva; 2020. p. 1–10.
Heriagus A. Memahami Saturasi Oksigen Kritis pada Pasien Covid-19 [Internet]. Universitas Indonesia. 2021 [cited 2021 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.ui.ac.id/memahami-saturasi-oksigen-kritis-pada-pasien-covid-19/
Khanum I, Samar F, Fatimah Y, Safia A, Adil A, Kiren H, et al. Role of awake prone positioning in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19: An experience from a developing country. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2021;91(2).
Susilo A, Rumende CM, Pitoyo CW, Santoso WD, Yulianti M, Herikurniawan H, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Tinjauan Literatur Terkini. J Penyakit Dalam Indones. 2020;7(1):45.
Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, Mingrone G, Hopkins D, Birkenfeld AL, et al. Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol [Internet]. 2020;8(6):546–50. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30152-2
Kow CS, Zaidi STR, Hasan SS. Cardiovascular Disease and Use of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors in COVID-19. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs [Internet]. 2020;20(3):217–21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-020-00406-0
Roncon L, Zuin M, Rigatelli G, Zuliani G. Diabetic patients with COVID-19 infection are at higher risk of ICU admission and poor short-term outcome. J Clin Virol [Internet]. 2020;127(March):104354. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104354
Inzucchi SE. Management of diabetes mellitus in hospitalized patients [Internet]. Uptodate.com. 2021. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-diabetes-mellitus-in-hospitalized-patients
Wang W, Lu J, Gu W, Zhang Y, Liu J, Ning G. Care for diabetes with COVID-19: Advice from China. J Diabetes. 2020;12(5):417–9.
Black JM, Hawk JH. Medical Surgical Nursing Clinical Management for Positive Outcome. Vol. 7th E. Philadelphia: Mosbi; 2013.
Wijayanto T, Widya W. Hubungan Kecemasan Dengan Kadar Gula Darah Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus. J Kesehat Panca Bhakti Lampung. 2019;7(2):78.
Kong X, Zheng K, Tang M, Kong F, Zhou J, Diao L, et al. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. 2020;3(1):1–8.
Angriani S, Baharuddin. Hubungan Tingkat Kecemasan Dengan Kadar Gula Darah Pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe Ii Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Batua Kota Makassar. J Ilm Kesehat Diagnosis. 2020;15(2):102–6.
Martina A. The Effects of Joint Administration Between Dexamethason and Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) on Blood Glucose Level and Pancreas Histopathology. 2020;148–62.
Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020;7(7):611–27. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0
Yang L, Wu D, Hou Y, Wang X, Dai N, Wang G, et al. Analysis of psychological state and clinical psychological intervention model of patients with COVID-19. medRxiv. 2020;
Amiman SP, Katuuk M, Malara R. Gambaran Tingkat Kecemasan Pasien Di Instalasi Gawat Darurat. e-journal Keperawatan. 2019;7(2).
Zhu S, Shi K, Yan J, He Z, Wang Y, Yi Q, et al. A modified 6-form Tai Chi for patients with COPD. Complement Ther Med [Internet]. 2018;39:36–42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.05.007
Kent EE, Ornstein KA. The Family Caregiving Crisis Meets an Actual Pandemic. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;60(1 July 2020).
Dorman-Ilan S, Hertz-Palmor N, Brand-Gothelf A, Hasson-Ohayon I, Matalon N, Gross R, et al. Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in COVID-19 Isolated Patients and in Their Relatives. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11(October).
Santoso MDY. Dukungan Sosial Dalam Situasi Pandemi Covid 19. J Litbang Sukowati Media Penelit dan Pengemb. 2020;5(1):11–26.
Musa AS, Pevalin DJ, Al Khalaileh MAA. Spiritual Well-Being, Depression, and Stress Among Hemodialysis Patients in Jordan. J Holist Nurs. 2018;36(4):354–65.
Shalini YSA. Loneliness and Spiritual Well - Being among Elderly Having Psychological Disorders. Int J Sci Res [Internet]. 2014;3(6):2289–90. Available from: https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i6/MDIwMTQ3Mzc=.pdf
Riyadi A, Hadziq A, Murtadho A. Bimbingan Konseling Islam Bagi Pasien Rawat Inap Di Rumah Sakit Roemani Muhammadiyah Semarang. J SMART (Studi Masyarakat, Reli dan Tradisi). 2019;5(1):85–99.
Ahmad Putra, Rahman A, Akmal S, Syahyogi A, Adnan S, Fitri Y. Pelaksanaan Bimbingan Rohani Islam bagi Pasien Covid-19 (Studi di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang). AL-IRSYAD J Bimbing Konseling Islam. 2021;3(1):51–64.
Published
2021-12-31
How to Cite
Khanifudin, A., Triyanto, A., & Rohmawati, D. (2021). Intervensi Keperawatan pada Pasien Terkonfirmasi COVID-19 dengan Komorbid DM Tipe 2 dan Hipertensi: Studi Kasus. Jurnal Sehat Mandiri, 16(2), 126-137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33761/jsm.v16i2.433
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